Sculpture



Nav. 16, 1937. q. LIMESES Er AL i 2,099,612

SCULPTURE Original Filed Feb. 3, 1933 5 Sheets sheet 2 Patented Nov. 16,1937 PATENT OFFICE l SCULPTURE Jose Limes-es, Antonio VMaria Martin TomsManuel Saralegui, and Carlos Alberto Prez del Cerro, Buenos Aires,Argentina Application February 3, 1933, Serial No. v655,132

, Renewed December 10,

May zo, 193,2

`12 claims.

-This invention relates to the instruments and method for the mechanicalmanufacture of sculpturesV by means of stereoscopic metricalphotographs; Y

In the accompanying drawings wherein an approved embodiment of theinvention is illustrated:

Fig. l is a plan view of the arrangement of cameras in accordance withthe invention for photographing the object to be Sculptured.

Fig. 1a is a diagrammatic plan view of the plate holder of one of thecameras.

Fig. 2 is a top plan View of an apparatus constructed in accordance withthe invention.

Fig. 3 is a vertical sectional view on the line 3--3 of Fig. 2, and,

Fig. 4 is a side elevation of the apparatus.

An equipment, Figure 1, of three photogrammetric stereoscopic cameras I,2, 3, invariably joined in such a manner that the three main opticalaxes of the left'hand objectives concur to the same point. A

We call stereoscopic photogrammetric camera, a photographic cameraprovided with two identical objectives free from aberrations, separatedby a perfectly known distance and arranged in such a mannerthat the mainoptic axes thereof are perfectly perpendicular to an absolutelyT planemetallic frame on which the photographic plate is resting at the momentsame is impressed. On the metallic frame there are six marks: a, bi, c,d, e, f, arranged in such a manner that the straight lines determined byae and bd perpendicularly intersect the straight line Vfeat the points oand o', through which the main optic axes of the photographic objectivespass. The six marks 0 b, c, d, e, f, are impressed on the photographicplate. The stereoscopic photogrammetric camera also has in the interiorthereof a screen p, the object of same being to divide the photographicplate'into two halves, in such a manner that on each half only the imageof its corresponding objective will appear.

Once the person or object, the mechanical sculpture of which it isdesired to obtain, is placed in the intersection of the three optic axesof the stereoscopic photogrammetric camera, and in such a manner thatthe image will be perfectly clear in the three cameras, the sixobjectives are simultaneously actuated (two for each camera) andthe'three pairs of stereophotograms are obtained, with which thesculpture is mechanically formed following the process which will beexplained hereinafter and using, for such a purpose, the apparatus whichwill be described laterl 1936. In ArgentinaV (Eventually, the assemblyof the three stereowhich is successively placed in three positions',

the relative location of which is well known.)

Two guides 2 on which the double bridge 3 slides, are placed in aperfectly parallel manner.

on -a cast iron table I. Perpendicularly to these guides is the guide 4on which travel the plateholding carriages 3i)l and 3|!T on which theplates Pl and Pr are placed. These plates constitute the pair of astereogram obtained with any of the three cameras, and result fromcutting in half the impressed photographic p1atein such a manner thatthe image given by the cameras left hand objective remains in the frame29l (plate Pl) and the one given by the right hand objective remains inthe frame 2i]T (plate Pr).

Passing over the frames 29Z and ZST'and arranged parallel to the guides2, is the bridge.

Parallel to the guide 4 is located the bridge 'I which houses threeaxles 8, 9 and I0 on which the rulers II, I2 (straight) and I3 (witha-90 angle), respectively rotate.

'I'he double'bridge 3 travels on the guides 2 resting on and adjusted byball bearings, being driven in its movements by the action of two nuts33 fixed to the bridge itself (see Figure 3) which are actuated by meansof identical screws .35`in turn governed from the crank IB by vmeans ofan axle 31 and corresponding pinions 36.

The double bridge 3 consists of two parallel guides I'I and 25 arrangedover Veach other and perpendicular to the guides 2 on which the bridgetravels. Y A carriage I8, resting on and adjusted in ball bearings,travels on the inferior guide II. In this carriage there is aguideparallel to I'I, on which the vpiece I9, perfectly adjusted, may slide,the movements of said piece being measured by means ofA a graduated ruleand a nonius. On the carriage I8 there is also a fixed pivot 45 on whichthe ruler I I rests laterally, and on the sliding piece I9 there is afurther pivot 46 identical to` 45 on which the ruler. I2 also restslaterally.

Y The carriage I8 is joined to a ruler 2I which Vtravels guided in thelower part of the guide'll and having on its end 1I5 the tool whichwilleXecute the sculpture. The ruler 2i has at 'the lower part thereof arack on which the pinion 22 actuates, said pinion being integral withVthe bridge 3 and is rotated by means of the axle 23l governed by thecrank 24. The aXle 23 has throughout its length a key in order that theaction of the axle 23 on the pinion 22 may be transmitted continuallynotwithstanding the movements of the bridge 3 on which, as alreadystated, the pinion Z2 is iixed.

The upper guide 25 of the double bridge 3 has a downward U-section. Thepiece 26 travels on this guide 25, said piece having a p-ivot 41,identical to 45 and 46, on which the ruler I3 rests laterally. Thesliding piece 26 is displaced by means of a screw placed in the interior25 which .by

means of a pinion 43 and the axle 21 is actuated by the crank 23.

This crank 23 also actuates on` the pinions 42 to rotate the axle 43which in turn, by means of a further set of pinions 53 allows thevertical displacement of the table i4. This table I4, on which the blockused to engrave the details of the sculpture is placed, is suitablyconnected to the table I. The vertical 4displacements of the table I4are exactly the same as the displacements of the sliding piece 26 alongthe guide 25, for which purpose the screws governed from the crank 28are of the same pitch.

The block rests on the table I4 on the disc 44 which can rotate aboutits center for the purpose of giving the block a rotation to the rightor to the left, and thus be able toarrange same in three positionscorresponding to the three pairs of stereophotograms obtained of theperson or object with the three stereoscopic photogrammetric cameras.

The frames 291 and 23T respectively rest on the plate-holding carriages301 and 30T on which they may rotate to allow for small corrections inthe location of the plates. The carriage 361 is joined to the piece 34by means of a bar 53. Said piece 34 has a housing for a pivot 39identical to the pivots 45, 46 and 41. The pivot 39, perfectly adjusted,may be displaced in two perpendicular directions and parallel to theguides 2 and 4, respectively, The assembly 301-34 is forced to rest onthe ruler I I by means of the pivot 39 and due to the action of acounter-weight 5I.

The plate-holding carriage 33r has a similar arrangement to that of 301,and 40 is the pivot movable in the perpendicular directions, by which3IlT rests on the lateral edge of the ruler I2 through the action of acounter-weight 52.

The carriage 32 travels on the guides of the bridge 5 and carries thestereomicroscope 6 for the binocular observation of the plates Pl andP1', in such a manner that the plate Pl is seen through the left han-docular and the plate Pr through the right hand ocular. Both oculars haveidentical reticles in the shape of a small black spot.

Said carriage 32 has a housing for a pivot 4I identical to 33 and 40also displaceable in two perpendicular directions and parallel to theguides 2 and 4 respectively. The carriage 32 rests against the lateraledge of the ruler I3 (90 angle) by means of pivot 4I and this positionis maintained through the action of a counter-weight.

Having described the apparatus, the operation of same will now beexplained, but before doing so the following principles should bepointed outz- All the apparatus for measuring the stereograms, withoculars provided with identical reticles, produce an optic illusion forthe observer.

Said illusion consists in that the observer receives the sensation ofseeing in perfect relief the subject appearing on the plates, and thatthe two reticles of the oculars appear as only one floating on therelief he illusively contemplates. If the plates are displaced on thesame plane in respect to each other, the observer receives a new opticalsensation, and believes that the reticle floating over the illusoryrelief, moves nearer to him (or further away), depending on whether theplates are separated further from each other (or approached to eachother).

Based on these principles, the apparatus operates as followS:-

The rulers i I, I 2 and i3 are placed perfectly parallel to each otherand perpendicular to the guides I1 and 25 of the double bridge 3; andthe pivots 39, 4E] and 4I are moved until their distances to the centersof the axles 3, E3 and IG are identical to the known focal distance ofthe stereoscopic photogrammetric camera with which the pair ofstereograms PZ and P1' have been obtained.

The plates PZ and Pr are placed in their housings 291 and 23T and theyreceive slight correction movements until the reticle of the left handocular of the stereomicroscope travels on the straight line ae and theright hand reticle of the stereomicroscope travels on the straight linebd when the carriage 32 carrying the stereomiscroscope 6 travelslengthwise on the gui-des of the bridge 5. The corrections necessary forthe plates until the above is obtained, takes place by rotaing theframes 291 and 29T over the carriages 3M and 331 and displacing saidcarriage in the direction of the guide i by suitable movement of thepivots 33 and 43 in said direction. The pivot 4I is immediatelydisplaced in the direction of the guides of the bridge 5 until thestereomicroscope has the reticle thereof coinciding with the straightline fc. At this moment, the reticles are over the points o and o(Figure l) of both stereograms.

The sliding piece I9 is then displaced towards the left for a lengthequal to the distance separating the two objectives of the stereoscopicphotogrammetric camera with which P7' and PZ were impressed, saiddisplacement being measured on the graduated rule with nonius mentionedhereinbefore. (If the displacement of I9 is equal to the separation ofthe objectives of the camera, the resulting sculpture will be of anatural size; if the displacement of i9 is equal to half the separationof the objectives, the resulting sculpture will be half the naturalsize, and so forth.)

The block is then placed on the rotating disc 44 vof the table I4 and isrmly held in place.

Actuating now the crank 23 so that the sliding piece 23 is displacedtowards the right and the action of the movement of the ruler i3 pushesthe carriage 32 with the stereomicroscope in the direction of the guidesof the bridge 5, the observer sees the only reticle iloating on theupper part of the object or person reproduced on the plates PZ and Pr.At the same time, through the action of the pinions 42 and axle 43 thelowering of the table I4 will have been attained, said table descendinguntil the tool i5 touches the upper part of the block.

If the crank 24 is now actuated, same rotates the axle 23 and pinion 22which displaces the ruler 2l from left to right (for example) and thelatter in turn displaces the carriage I8 and the pivots 45 and 4E insame, said pivots pushing the rulers li and l2 which then rotate abouttheir respective axles Ii and 9 pushing from 39 and lil theplate-holding carriages 331 and 33T thus moving the plates in thedirection of the guide i but from right to left. The person observingthrough the stereomicroscope receives objective lenses successivelyy inthree positions theA sensation that the only reticle floating over theillusory relief displaces from left to right,

that is to say, in the same direction as the toolV l5 and the ruler 2|holding same'.

IfV the crank IS is moved in `such a Vmanner that the double bridge 3slides away, for example, over the guides 2, as the rulers Il and I2 areno longer parallel owing to the displacement previously given to thesliding piece I9, said ing over the illusory relief` movesaway from himin the same way as the double bridge 3 carrying the tool l5 on the endof the ruler 2l. (This sensation answers the principle mentioned at thebeginning of the explanation for operating the apparatus.)

Therefore, if the crank 28 is actuated, downward or upward movements areobtained both for the only reticle oating on the illusory relief and theblock on which the sculpture is engraved; if the crank 24 is actuated,movements from right to left or vice versa are obtained on the tool aswell as on the reticle, and if the crank I5 is moved, frontward orbackward movements are obtained on the tool as well as on the reticle;that is to say, combining the movements of the three cranks, theobserver has the sensation of taking the only reticle floating over theoptic relief to have continual contact with the person or object seen inrelief, tracing any line on the surface of such person or object, whilethe tool faithfully obeying the movements of the reticle, engraves onthe 'block all the unevenness and sinuosities of the gure to bereproduced in sculpture.

To nish the sculpture of the photographed object, it is necessary, oncethe work originated by the pair of stereograms obtained with one of thestereoscopic photogrammetric cameras is nished, tc substitute said pairby the pair obtained by one of the other cameras and rotate the block onthe rotating disc 44 the corresponding angle; to end the work with thispair of stereograms and finally to substitute this pair by the last pairnot yet worked upon, again rotating the block on the disc 44 for thenecessary angle.

Thus, the apparatus allows the production in a mechanical and sculpturalmanner, of any surface by lines arranged on such surface inthe mostconvenient or advantageous way, without any kind of limitation.

We claim:

1. An apparatus of the character described comprising movable plates forsupporting stereoscopical photographs, a carriage mounted for movementin two directions, a sculpture tool actuated by said carriage, means fordisplacing one of said plat-es, meansl for imparting movement of saidplate to said carriage, means for imparting movement of the carriage tothe other plate, and means for actuating the carriage to eifectdisplacement of the second mentioned plate.

2. An apparatus as claimed in claim 1 characterized by the provision ofmeans supporting said plates for rectilinear movement.

3. The herein described method of photographing objects comprising,locating a stereoscopic photogrammctric camera having right and leftrelative to said object with the main optical axis of one lens passingthrough one and the same local point in each location of said camera.

4i VApparatus of the classI described comprising, three stereoscopicphotogrammetric cameras eachhaving a pair of right and left objectivelenses, respectively,'and shutters for said lenses,

and groupedabout 'a common center with the main optical 'axis thereof inpredetermined fixedi relation, the shutters .of said cameras beingoperative simultaneously. .5. Apparatus of the class describedcomprising, three stereoscopic photogrammetric cameras each having apair of right and left'objective?V lenses, respectively, and shuttersfor said lenses and being fixedly supported with the main optical axisof one llens of each pair intersecting at a common'focal point, theshutters of said cameras being operative simultaneously.

6. The herein described method of sculpturing in plastic material with atool to reproduce an object and comprising, photographing the objectsimultaneously from different angles stereoscopically to obtain a numberof pairs of stereograms thereof, mounting the pairs of stereograms insuccession in a common plane beneath a binocular stereoscope having areticle in each ocular, visualizing the stereograms through thisstereoscope to cause the reticles to merge into one, manipulating thestereograms of each pair and the stereoscope, relatively, to cause themergedV reticle to follow in selected paths over the image visualizedthrough said stereoscope, and manipulating the tool in accordance withthe visualized path followed by said reticle.

7, In apparatus of the class described, a pair of relatively movableframes for supporting a pair of stereograms, respectively, a binocularstereoscope mounted above said stereograms andV having a reticle in eachocular merging into one when viewed through the oculars, a movablesculpturing tool, and means for moving said stereograms and stereoscope,relatively, 'to cause said merged reticle to follow in selected pathsover the image visualized through said stereoscope and also moving saidtool in correspondence with said merged reticle, said Ameans comprising,a carriage rectilinearly and laterally movable,v a rigid connectionbetween said carriage and tool, manipulative means for moving thecarriage rectilinearly, manipulative means for moving the carriagelaterally, operating connections between said carriage and framescomprising a pair of swingably mounted bars operatively rconnected tosaid frames, respectively, means for moving said stereoscope comprisinga second carriage laterally movable with the carriage rst mentioned andindependently movable rectilinearly, a swingably mounted bar operativelyconnected to the stereoscope and operated by the' econd mentionedcarriage, and means for moving the second mentioned carriagerectilinearly comprising a manually operated feed screw.

8. A Sculptured reproduction of an object comprising a mechanicallyexecuted counterpart of pairs of stereograms of the object photographedfrom different angles and as viewed through a stereoscope.

9. vA sculpture as claimed in claim 8 characterized in that thecounterpart of the different pairs of the stereograms are delineated onthe sculpture on a different side thereof.

l0. In apparatus of the class described, a vertically adjustable worksupport, a pair of frames for supporting a pair of stereograms,respectively, a binocular stereoscope having a reticle in each ocularmerging into one when viewed through said oculars, said stereoscopebeing mounted above said frames for movement thereover to locate themerged reticle at the upper edge of the image visualized thrcugh saidoculars, and manipulative means common to said support and stereoscopefor moving the same in synchronism.

11. Apparatus for mechanically reproducing in sculpture photographs ofobjects taken at different angles thereto by cameras located atdifferentpoints and comprising, a` work table, a sculpturing toolmanipulative relative to the Work, and a Work supporting disc on saidtable rotatable thereon to different set positions to adjust the workrelative to the tool in degree corresponding to the angles formed by theoptical axis of the camera lenses in said different positions of saidcameras.

12. In apparatus of the kind described, a pair of frames movable inrespect to each other for supporting respectively each of the elementsforming a pair of stereograms, a binocular stereoscope mounted on saidstereograms, containing a reticle in each ocular which are merged into asingle reticle when same are simultaneously viewed through the oculars,a movable sculpturing tool, and means for relatively moving saidstereograms and stereoscope to cause said merged reticle to travel overselected parts of the relief image originated by the stereograms whenviewed through said stereoscope, and also to cause said sculpturing toolto move in correspondence with the movements of said merged reticle,said means comprising a rectilinearly moving carriage on which saidstereoscope is placed, a ruler in the shape of a right angle capable ofbalancing on an axle around the apex of said angle and operativelyconnected to the stereoscope by means of said carriage, another tvvocarriages movable rectilinearly and laterally, on which are housed theframes with the stereograms, a rigid connection between these two lattercarriages and the sculpturing tool, manipulative means for the movementof the carriages, operative connections between said two vcarriages andthe sculpturing tool, comprising a pair of rulers each capable ofbalancing about an aXle operatively connected by one end to the twocarriages mentioned, and to the other end to the sculpturing tool, arectilinearly moving double bridge supporting a toothed bar having atone end the sculpturing tool and at the other the connections operativebetween said tool and the two rulers which are in turn connected to thecarriages supporting the pair of sterecgrams, and manipulative means formoving the double bridge and toothed bar mentioned, comprising a mastermain screw movable by hand and an axle also operated by hand and havinga displaceable gear constantly meshing with the toothed bar supportingat one end thereof the sculpturing tool.

JOSE LIMESES. ANTONIO MARIA MARTIN TOMS MANUEL SARALEGUI.

CARLOS ALBERTO PREZ DEL CERRO.

